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 SS316 + ENP là gì?

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SS316 + ENP là gì? Empty
PostSubject: SS316 + ENP là gì?   SS316 + ENP là gì? I_icon_minitimeThu Sep 04, 2014 9:03 am

Auto-catalytic nickel plating is commonly referred to as Electroless Nickel Plating. In contrast, with electroplating, electroless nickel (EN) SS316 + ENP là gì? ValKro_electrolessplating does not require electrical current. The deposition occurs in an aqueous solution containing metal ions, a reducing agent, chelates, complexing agents and stabilizers. Chemical reactions on the surface of the part being plated cause deposition of a nickel alloy.
Since all surfaces wetted by the electroless nickel solution are plated, the deposit thickness is uniform across the entire part. This unique property of electroless nickel plating makes it possible to coat internal surfaces of pipes, valves and other parts. This uniformity of deposit thickness is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve by any other method.
The discovery of electroless nickel plating is credited to Brenner & Riddell in the 1940’s. Today electroless nickel plating has grown into a very substantial segment of the metal finishing industry. In the past 25 years the usage of this coating has grown to such proportions that electroless nickel plated parts can be found underground, in outer space, and in many areas in between.
The chemical reactions that occur when using sodium hypophosphite as the reducing agent in electroless nickel plating are as follows:
SS316 + ENP là gì? Enp

An electroless nickel coating is a dense alloy of nickel and phosphorus. The amount of phosphorus generally varies from 3 to 12 percent, depending on the bath formulation, operating pH and bath age. The deposition process is auto-catalytic. This means that once the initial layer of nickel is formed on the substrate, that layer and each subsequent layer become the catalyst that causes the above reaction to continue. This means that very thick coatings can be applied, provided that the ingredients in the plating bath are replenished in an orderly manner. In general, plating thicknesses range from 0.1 mil to 5 mils.
Electroless nickel deposits are functional coatings and are rarely used for decorative purposes only. The primary criteria for using electroless nickel generally falls within the following categories:

  • Corrosion resistance

  • Wear resistance to protect against galling

  • Hardness

  • Lubricity

  • Solderability and bondability

  • Uniformity of deposit regardless of geometries

  • Nonmagnetic properties of high-phosphorus nickel alloy


Types of Electroless Nickel (EN) Plating

Nickel-Phosphorus Baths:
Most commonly used for engineering applications. Deposits from these baths are quite hard, have natural lubricity and excellent wear and corrosion resistance.

Composite Coatings:
A common electroless nickel composite coating is the co depositing of electroless nickel with Teflon (r) (Reg. TM du Pont). This coating does not provide the hardness of a Nickel Phosphorus deposit, but it does provide superior lubricity. Especially for applications involving minimum loads at maximum speeds.

Properties of Electroless Nickel (EN) Plating

The properties of electroless nickel are responsible for the rapid growth of its use as a functional metallic coating in recent years. This is no other coating that has the combination of properties offered by electroless nickel.

  • Corrosion resistance: One of the most common reasons for using electroless nickel coatings in functional applications is its excellent corrosion resistance.

  • Heat Conductivity: The heat conductivity of an electroless nickel coating containing 8 to 9 percent phosphorus is 0.0105 to 0.0135 cal-cm/sec/degree C.

  • Melting Temperature: The melting temperature of electoless nickel coatings vary widely, depending upon the amount of phosphorus in the deposit. A generally accepted melting point is approximately 1616F for coatings with approximately 7 to 9 percent phosphorus.

  • Magnetism: Electroless nickel coatings containing greater than 8 percent phosphorus are considered to be essentially nonmagnetic as plated. Coating thickness measurements with devices which rely on the nonmagnetic characteristic of the coating may become inaccurate and require special calibration in the phosphorus content of the coating is below 8 percent. Heat treatment of electroless nickel plated parts will increase the magnetism of the plated part.

  • Solderability/Weldability: Electroless nickel coatings are easily soldered with a highly active acid flux. Soldering without a flux or with a mildly active flux can be difficult especially if the plated part is exposed to the atmosphere for an extended period.

  • Adhesion: Excellent adhesion can be achieved on a wide range of substrates, including steel, aluminum, copper and copper alloys. Heat treatment is commonly used to enhance the adhesion of electroless nickel coatings over all substrates.

  • Thickness: One of the key properties of electroless nickel plating is the ability to deposit the coating to produce a wide range of coating thickness, with uniformity and minimum variation from point to point. This uniformity can be maintained while plating both large and small parts. It is a great coating for parts with complex geometries that include recessed areas.

  • Brightness: The brightness and reflectivity of electroless nickel vary significantly. The reflectivity is also affected by the surface finish of the substrate. Basically the finish of an electroless nickel plated part will mirror the surface of the part plated. Thus a bright electroless nickel deposit with appear dull if the surface of the part being plated is rough.






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[size=32]Electroless Plating[/size]
Electroless nickel (EN) plating is a chemical reduction process which depends upon the catalytic reduction process of nickel ions in an aqueous solution (containing a chemical reducing agent) and the subsequent deposition of nickel metal without the use of electrical energy. Due to its exceptional corrosion resistance and high hardness, the process finds wide application on items such as valves, pump parts etc., to enhance the life of components exposed to severe conditions of service ,particularly in the oil field and marine sector. With correct pretreatment sequence and accurate process control , good adhesion and excellent service performance can be obtained from EN deposited on a multitude of metallic and non-metallic substra6tes.
In the EN plating process, the driving force for the reduction of nickel metal ions and their deposition is supplied by a chemical reducing agent in solution. This driving potential is essentially constant at all points of the surface of the component, provided the agitation is sufficient to ensure a uniform concentration of metal ions and reducing agents. Electroless deposits are therefore very uniform in thickness all over the part's shape and size. This process offers distinct advantages when plating irregularly shaped objects, holes, recesses, internal surfaces, valves or threaded parts. Distinct advantages of EN plating are:

  • Uniformity of the deposits, even on complex shapes.

  • Deposits are often less porous and thus provide better barrier corrosion protection to steel substrates, much superior to that of electroplated nickel and hard chrome

  • The deposits cause about 1/5th as much hydrogen absorption as electrolytic nickel and about 1/10th as much hard chrome.

  • Deposits can be plated with zero or compressive stress.

  • Deposits have inherent lubricity and non-galling characteristics, unlike electrolytic nickel.

  • Deposits have good wetability for oils

  • In general low phosphorus and especially electroless nickel boron are considered solderable. Mid and high phosphorus EN's are far worse for solderability

  • Deposits are much harder with as-plated microhardness of 450 - 600 VPN which can be increased to 1000-1100 VHN by a suitable heat-treatment


The versatility of electroless nickel plating is demonstrated by the wide range of coatings possible. The following are important types of coatings industrially available (reference):

  • Low Phosphorous (Hard)


Quote :
A unique bath providing an as-plated deposit hardness of up to 60 Rockwell This bath provides a deposit nearly as hard as Hard Chrome, with the advantage of a uniform thickness inside complex configurations, as well as outside. The deposit is so uniform that grinding after plating is eliminated. Low Phosphorous Electroless Nickel offers excellent resistance to alkaline corrosive environments.

  • Medium Phosphorous (Bright High Speed)


Quote :
This is a workhorse electroless nickel. It has proven itself over the years. Steel parts plated with Medium Phosphorous electroless nickel will in many cases perform like stainless steel. Electroless nickel will not build up on edges or ends, and it plates inside and out giving uniform total coverage. With heat treatment, medium phosphorous electroless nickel can be hardened from 45 Rockwell C to as high as 68 Rockwell C.

  • High Phosphorous


Quote :
This finish provides maximum corrosion resistance. High Phosphorous electroless nickel is standard in industries that require resistance to strongly acidic corrosive environments like oil drilling and coal mining. High Phosphorous electroless nickel has a low degree of solderability. It will remain solderable for only a brief period of time after plating. This makes it a desirable finish for electronics parts such as connector housings and semiconductor packaging.

  • Electroless Nickel/Teflon Composite




Quote :
Teflon adds to the already slick surface of the electroless nickel, yielding a very low friction surface. This product is a relatively new one. It consists of microscopic beads of Teflon co-deposited up to 20% with the electroless nickel. This finish can be the solution to sticking, galling or drag problems with moving parts, or heated seal surfaces. In some cases, liquid lubricants can be eliminated with the use of Nickel/Teflon plating.

  • Electroless Nickel on Zinc Die Cast




Quote :
Electroless nickel can be applied directly to zinc die cast without a copper layer. This has many applications where corrosion resistance and resistance to chipping and flaking is necessary
The selection of a specific grade of EN-plating is done in accordance with the nature of application, where a high hardness and low coefficient of friction is desired, low phosphorous EN is preferred (1-3%P). For general applications where a bright finish is required and the operating conditions are not very corrosive, medium phosphorous (6-8% P) EN is used e.g.. Computer printer rollers, machine components, plastic molding dies etc. When the conditions of use for an EN plated components are severely corrosive, a high phosphorous EN (12-13% P) is usually selected. The high phosphorous EN is amorphous in nature and is compressively stressed unlike the low and medium phosphorous EN which are Crystalline and tensile stressed. Proper process sequence and maintaining the correct operating parameters helps ensure a virtually non porous deposit of high phosphorous ENP which finds wide application in areas such as valve components, aerospace industry, oil & gas and chemical industries etc.

Physical Properties


  • Surface Hardness: As plated 48-50 RC. After Heat Treatment (400°C, 1 hr) 62-63 RC

  • Melting Point :- 890°C

  • Density :- 7.85-7.95 gm/cm qb.

  • Coefficient of friction :- EN Vs STEEL 0.3

  • Coefficient of Thermal Expansion :- 0.13 microns /°c


Specifications and Testing

ASTM specifications are generally followed in evaluating EN plated components some of the relevant tests are as follows

  • Hardness: The Hardness may be determined on a Microhardness Tester using a 100 gm load as per ASST. B-578

  • Thickness: The microscopic examination of the cross section of an article is tested in accordance with ASTM B-478. The ENplating thickness will vary from 5-125 microns depending upon the service conditions.

  • Corrosion Resistance: A 5% neutral salt spray test is carried out as per ASTM B-117 to determine the corrosion resistance of plated items. This is most important test in evaluating EN plated samples. The Corrosive conditions to which EN Plated components are exposed, can be classified as mild, moderate and severe. The bath used for EN Plating, varies accordingly to obtain alloy compositions varying from low to high phosphorous content. Generally a high corrosion resistance requires a high phosphorous content (10-12% ) and the relevant test to evaluate the performance of plated samples is the 5% Neutral salt spray test in accordance with ASTM B-117. With a proper operating procedure, high phosphorous deposits will show no rust spots, even after 1000 hrs of salt spray exposure for a plating thickness of 40-50 microns.

  • Adhesion: Several tests such as Bend test, Quench test, Ring shear test etc. Are carried our to determine the adhesion of EN-plating to the base metal in accordance with ASTM-B-571.


Areas of Application

Due to its unique properties of excellent corrosion resistance, combined with a high wear resistance and uniformity of coating, EN finds extensive applications in a number of fields. Some of the prominent areas of application are:

  • Oil & Gas: Valve components, such as Balls, Gates, Plugs etc. And other components such as pumps, pipe fittings, packers, barrels etc.

  • Chemical Processing: Heat Exchangers, Filter Units, pump housing and impellers, mixing blades etc.

  • Plastics: Molds and dies for injecting and low and blow molding of plastics components, extruders, machine parts rollers etc.

  • Textile: Printing cylinders, machine parts, spinneret's, threaded guides etc.

  • Automotive: Shock Absorbers, heat sinks, gears, cylinders, brake pistons etc.

  • Aviation & Aerospace: Satellite and rocket components, rams pistons, valve components etc.

  • Food & pharmaceutical: Capsule machinery dies, chocolates molds, food processing machinery components etc.




See also: Cladding, Electroplating, Pack cementation, Electroless plating, Vapor deposition, Hot dip galvanizing, Thermal spraying,Zinc coatings


Solderability of E/N coatings

Most suppliers of E/N now recommend using low phos. for the best solderability, and longest shelf life. Standards ISO 4527, DIN 50966 and ONORM C 2550 (Austrian) reference this important property.
A paper submitted at the Electroless Nickel conference of 1989 held in Cincinnati Ohio, Titled "Solderability Parameters of Elecroless Nickel Bearing Electronic Finishes" By Louis Kosarek of STB Systems, Inc. report that "An electroless nickel deposit which contains a concentration of phosphorus ranging from 0.1% to 3.0% is readily solderable on an "As-plated Basis" per Mil-Std 883c method 2003. The frequency of solderability tests which fail per Mil-Std 883c will increase as the phosphorus content of electroless nickel alloy increases from 3.0 to 7.0% phosphorus. A solderability test conducted per Mil-Std 883c method 2003 incorporating an as-plated surface finish containing phosphorus in excess of 7%, the components will consistently fail. The mode of failure is non-wetting of the surface."
Mr. Kosarek's work is referenced in "Electroless Nickel Plating" by Wolfgang Riedel, Published by ASM International, ISBN 0-904477-12-6, under physical properties. This book is the best source for information on E/N plating, in my humble opinion.

On a personal note, most solderability problems I have heard over the years is when a purchaser switches vendors, and the new vendor does not have low phos. nickel, and uses mid. or high phos. instead or the vendor simply stops using the low phos. because of low demand and substitutes mid or high phos. thinking they are the same. I have heard of many solderability problems "disappear" when purchasers required certification to the low phos. requirement from their supplier.
The present consensus seems to be "the purer the nickel alloy the better the solderability."

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